Tiny BASIC Manual
This is the manual that comes with the Tiny BASIC package. It's complete but concise, as a Unix man page should be. Other documents in this section will expand upon the concepts here.
tinybasic - Tiny BASIC interpreter and compiler
tinybasic [ options ] program-file
Tinybasic is an implementation of the Tiny BASIC language. It conforms to the specification by Dennis Allison, published in People’s Computer Company Vol.4 No.2 and reprinted in Dr. Dobb’s Journal, January 1976.
The package provides both an interpreter and a compiler in the same executable. Both of these tools are non-interactive, and load their input from a source file written in a text editor. No interactive interpreter is provided.
Tinybasic provides a few additional features. Comments with the REM statement were not part of the original specification, but are allowed here. There is support for optional line numbers, and a configurable upper limit for them. Because not all lines need a number, this manual will refer to them as ´line labels.´ Where the phrase ´line number´ appears, it will refer to the actual line count in the source file, as a text editor would show.
-n value, --line-numbers=value
Determines the handling of line labels. An argument of m or mandatory causes tinybasic to require a line label for every program line, in ascending order. An argument of i or implied causes tinybasic to supply labels internally for each line that lacks them; care must be taken when labelling lines so that there is room for a sequence of numbers between one line label and the next. An argument of o or optional makes line labels completely optional; those that are supplied need not be in ascending order.
-N limit, --line-number-limit=limit
Specifies the largest line label allowed in the BASIC program. The default is 32767, which is the highest value that tinybasic supports. The original Tiny BASIC had a limit of 255.
-o comment-option, --comments=comment-option
Enables or disables support for comments and blank lines in programs. Comment-options can be e or enabled to support comments and blank lines, which is the default setting. It can be d or disabled to disable support for comments, as per the original Tiny BASIC specification.
-O [output-type], --output[=output-type]
Specifies compilation or translation instead of interpretation, and what type of output is desired. If the option is supplied without an output-type, then the default is lst. If the option is absent altogether, then the program will be interpreted rather than compiled or translated. Current output-types supported are lst for a formatted listing, c for a C program ready to compile, or exe. Where the output type is lst or c the output filename is the same as the input filename, with an added extension the same as .output-type. Where the output type is exe, the output file is dependent on the input filename and the TBEXE (see the section on Compilation).
Programs are text files loaded in on invoking tinybasic. Each line of the file consists of an optional line label, a command keyword, and the command’s parameters, if it has any. Lines may be blank, or the command keyword may be REM, which denotes that the rest of the program line is a comment.
That describes a program written using tinybasic’s additional features. In a traditional Tiny BASIC program each line has a mandatory line label, a command keyword which may not be REM, and the command’s parameters. The original Tiny BASIC specification did not provide for comments or blank lines, and the line labels were required by the language’s interactive line editor.
LET variable=expression
Assigns a value, the result of expression, to a variable, variable. Variable must be a single letter, A..Z. Expression must evaluate to an integer in the range -32768 to 32767.
IF condition THEN statement
Conditional execution. If condition is true, then statement is executed. Statement can be another IF, allowing conditions to be chained, effectively mimicking an AND operator.
GOTO expression
Transfer execution to another part of the program. Expression is evaluated, and program execution continues at the line marked with the corresponding label.
GOSUB expression
Calls a subroutine. Expression is evaluated, and program execution transfers to the line marked with the corresponding label. The position of the GOSUB is remembered so that a RETURN can bring program execution back to the statement following the GOSUB.
RETURN
Return from a subroutine. Program execution returns to the statement following the GOSUB which called the present subroutine.
END
Terminates program execution.
PRINT output-list
Produces output to the console. Output-list is a list of items separated by commas. Each item can be either a string literal enclosed in double quotation marks, or a numeric expression. An end of line sequence is output after all the values, so that the next PRINT statement will put its output on a new line.
INPUT variable-list
Asks for input from the console. Variable-list is a list of variable names. For each variable given, a question mark is output and the value typed by the user is stored in that variable. Tinybasic allows multiple values to be typed by the user on one line, each separated by any non-numeric character.
REM comment-text
Provides space for free-format comment text in the program. Comments have no effect on the execution of a program, and exist only to provide human-readable information to the programmer. Use of this command will raise an error if support for comments is disabled (see the -o/--comment option above).
Expressions in Tiny BASIC are purely arithmetic expressions, involving integers only. The four basic arithmetic operators are supported: multiplication (*), division (/), addition (+) and subtraction (-). Unary operators for positive (+) and negative (-) are supported, as are parentheses for affecting the order of operations.
Standard operator precedence evaluates parentheses first, then unary signs, then multiplication and division, with addition and subtraction last.
The relational operators are =, >, <, <> or ><, >=, and <=. They are not supported within arithmetic expressions, but can only be used as conditions in IF statements in the form: expression relational-operator expression
Tinybasic is capable of compiling programs into executables with the help of a C compiler. To use this facility, the TBEXE environment variable must be set before invoking tinybasic. The variable should contain the command that compiles a C program into an executable, and may contain the following tokens:
$(SOURCE): the C source filename is substituted here.
$(TARGET): a target filename is substituted here.
The C source filename will be the same as the BASIC filename but with the extension .c added. The target filename is the BASIC source filename with the .bas extension removed; if the BASIC source filename has no extension, then .out is added to prevent the source being overwritten by the executable. If your operating system requires an extension like .exe for its executables, then you need to add it explicitly (i.e. $(TARGET).exe) - unless the compiler adds that itself. As an example, the file test.bas could be compiled on a Unix system with the following commands:
$ TBEXE=’gcc -o $(TARGET) $(SOURCE)’
$ tinybasic -Oexe test.bas
This would produce the executable file test, and as a side effect, the C source file test.bas.c.
Program error messages can be in one of two forms:
Parse error: description, line line-number, label line-label
Run-time error: description, label line-label
Parse errors are those that are detected before the program starts. Run-time errors are those that cannot be detected until the program is running. If a parse error is detected on a line without a label, then the label section is omitted from the error message. The error messages and their meanings are as follows.
Invalid line number
One of the following has occurred: (i) a line label is missing when line numbers are mandatory; (ii) a line label is lower than the previous one when line numbers are mandatory or implied.
Unrecognised command
The command keyword is not recognised. Note that REM will not be recognised when comments are disabled, and will produce this error.
Invalid variable
In a LET or INPUT statement, something other than a letter from A to Z was supplied when a variable name was expected.
Invalid assignment
The = sign was missing from a LET statement.
Invalid expression
An expression in this line is invalid. It is possibly lacking an operator, variable or value where one is expected.
Missing )
An expression contains a left parenthesis and no corresponding right parenthesis.
Invalid PRINT output
Something is wrong with the output list in a PRINT statement. It could be: (i) completely missing, (ii) missing a separator between two items, or (iii) missing an item between two separators or at the start or end of the list.
Invalid operator
An unrecognised operator was encountered in an expression or a condition.
THEN expected
The mandatory THEN keyword is missing from its expected place in an IF statement.
Unexpected parameter
A parameter was given to a command that should not have one, such as END or RETURN.
RETURN without GOSUB
A RETURN was encountered without having executed a GOSUB. This commonly occurs when a programmer forgets to put an END or a GOTO before a subroutine, and allows execution to blunder into it.
Divide by zero
The divisor in an expression was 0. If dividing by a variable or an expression, it is advisable to check beforehand that it cannot be zero. An intentional division by zero is not the most graceful way to stop a program.
Overflow
When given as a parse error, there is a value in the program that is outside the range of -32768 to 32767. When given as a runtime error, an expression in the program or an input from the user has produced a result outside this range.
This manual page documents tinybasic, version 1.0.
Tiny BASIC was originally designed by Dennis Allison. This implementation was written by Damian Gareth Walker.
This program prints out all of the numbers in the Fibonnaci series between 0 and 1000.
LET A=0
LET B=1
PRINT A
100 PRINT B
LET B=A+B
LET A=B-A
IF B<=1000 THEN GOTO 100
END
Comments
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Gora Chand Dhara - 04:48, 21/09/2020